Mathematics, SEL-THā
Mathematics is a science of structure, order, and relation that deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. The history of mathematics can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia; ancient clay tablets have proven that the level of mathematical competence was already high as early as roughly the 18th century BCE. Over the centuries, mathematics has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects into a crucial adjunct to the physical sciences and technology.
Mathematics Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Reinhard Selten was a German mathematician who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics with John F. Nash and......
sequential estimation, in statistics, a method of estimating a parameter by analyzing a sample just large enough......
Jean-Pierre Serre is a French mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1954 for his work in algebraic......
set, in mathematics and logic, any collection of objects (elements), which may be mathematical (e.g., numbers and......
set theory, branch of mathematics that deals with the properties of well-defined collections of objects, which......
Helen Almira Shafer was an American educator, noted for the improvements she made in the curriculum of Wellesley......
Adi Shamir is an Israeli cryptographer and computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientists Leonard......
Claude Shannon was an American mathematician and electrical engineer who laid the theoretical foundations for digital......
Lloyd Shapley was an American mathematician who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Economics. He was recognized......
Shen Kuo was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and high official whose famous work Mengxi bitan (“Brush Talks......
Shridhara was a highly esteemed Hindu mathematician who wrote several treatises on the two major fields of Indian......
Shripati was an Indian astronomer-astrologer and mathematician whose astrological writings were particularly influential.......
side-angle-side theorem, in Euclidean geometry, theorem stating that if two corresponding sides in two triangles......
Wacław Sierpiński was a leading figure in point-set topology and one of the founding fathers of the Polish school......
Joseph Sifakis is a Greek-born French computer scientist and cowinner of the 2007 A.M. Turing Award, the highest......
What is the sigmoid function? The sigmoid function, also known as the standard logistic function, is a mathematical......
significant figures, any of the digits of a number beginning with the digit farthest to the left that is not zero......
Charles Simonyi is a Hungarian-born American software executive and space tourist. Simonyi left Hungary in 1966......
simplex method, standard technique in linear programming for solving an optimization problem, typically one involving......
Simpson’s paradox, in statistics, an effect that occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables......
Yakov Sinai is a Russian American mathematician who was awarded the 2014 Abel Prize “for his fundamental contributions......
sine, one of the six trigonometric functions, which, in a right triangle ABC, for an angle A, issin A = length......
Isadore Singer was an American mathematician awarded, together with the British mathematician Sir Michael Francis......
singular solution, in mathematics, solution of a differential equation that cannot be obtained from the general......
singularity, of a function of the complex variable z is a point at which it is not analytic (that is, the function......
Willem de Sitter was a Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and cosmologist who developed theoretical models of the......
Joseph Slepian was an American electrical engineer and mathematician credited with important developments in electrical......
slide rule, a device consisting of graduated scales capable of relative movement, by means of which simple calculations......
slope, Numerical measure of a line’s inclination relative to the horizontal. In analytic geometry, the slope of......
Stephen Smale is an American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 for his work on topology in......
Stanislav Smirnov is a Russian mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 2010 for his work in mathematical......
Willebrord Snell was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician who discovered the law of refraction (also known as Snell’s......
Mary Somerville was a British science writer whose influential works synthesized many different scientific disciplines.......
sorting algorithm, in computer science, a procedure for ordering elements in a list by repeating a sequence of......
Sosigenes of Alexandria was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, probably from Alexandria, employed by Julius......
special function, any of a class of mathematical functions that arise in the solution of various classical problems......
sphere, In geometry, the set of all points in three-dimensional space lying the same distance (the radius) from......
spherical coordinate system, In geometry, a coordinate system in which any point in three-dimensional space is......
spiral, plane curve that, in general, winds around a point while moving ever farther from the point. Many kinds......
square, in geometry, a plane figure with four equal sides and four right (90°) angles. A square is a special kind......
square root, in mathematics, a factor of a number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. For......
stability, in mathematics, condition in which a slight disturbance in a system does not produce too disrupting......
Richard Stallman is an American computer programmer and free-software advocate who founded (1985) the Free Software......
standard deviation, in statistics, a measure of the variability (dispersion or spread) of any set of numerical......
standard error of measurement (SEM), the standard deviation of error of measurement in a test or experiment. It......
statistical quality control, the use of statistical methods in the monitoring and maintaining of the quality of......
statistical significance, in statistics, the determination that a result or an observation from a set of data is......
statistics, the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. Governmental needs for census......
- Introduction
- Mean, Median, Mode
- Probability, Random Variables, Distributions
- Random Variables, Probability, Distributions
- Estimation, Sampling, Probability
- Estimation, Population, Mean
- Hypothesis Testing, Sampling, Analysis
- Sampling, Variables, Design
- Residuals, Analysis, Modeling
- Sampling, Surveys, Methods
Karl Georg Christian von Staudt was a German mathematician who developed the first purely synthetic theory of imaginary......
Richard E. Stearns is an American mathematician and computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientist......
Jakob Steiner was a Swiss mathematician who was one of the founders of modern synthetic and projective geometry.......
Charles Proteus Steinmetz was a German-born American electrical engineer whose ideas on alternating current systems......
STEM, field and curriculum centred on education in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics......
Step Reckoner, a calculating machine designed (1671) and built (1673) by the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried......
Simon Stevin was a Flemish mathematician who helped standardize the use of decimal fractions and aided in refuting......
George Robert Stibitz was a U.S. mathematician and inventor. He received a Ph.D. from Cornell University. In 1940......
Thomas Jan Stieltjes was a Dutch-born French mathematician who made notable contributions to the theory of infinite......
James Stirling was a Scottish mathematician who contributed important advances to the theory of infinite series......
Stirling’s formula, in analysis, a method for approximating the value of large factorials (written n!; e.g., 4!......
stochastic process, in probability theory, a process involving the operation of chance. For example, in radioactive......
Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet was a British physicist and mathematician noted for his studies of the behaviour......
Michael Stonebraker is an American computer engineer known for his foundational work in the creation, development,......
Student’s t-test, in statistics, a method of testing hypotheses about the mean of a small sample drawn from a normally......
Charles-François Sturm was a French mathematician whose work resulted in Sturm’s theorem, an important contribution......
Sturm-Liouville problem, in mathematics, a certain class of partial differential equations (PDEs) subject to extra......
Fredrik Størmer was a Norwegian geophysicist and mathematician who developed a mathematical theory of auroral phenomena.......
surface, In geometry, a two-dimensional collection of points (flat surface), a three-dimensional collection of......
surface integral, In calculus, the integral of a function of several variables calculated over a surface. For functions......
surjection, in mathematics, a mapping (or function) between two sets such that the range (output) of the mapping......
survivorship bias, a logical error in which attention is paid only to those entities that have passed through (or......
Ivan Sutherland is an American electrical engineer and computer scientist and winner of the 1988 A.M. Turing Award,......
Sylvester II was the French head of the Roman Catholic church (999–1003), renowned for his scholarly achievements,......
James Joseph Sylvester was a British mathematician who, with Arthur Cayley, was a cofounder of invariant theory,......
synthetic division, short method of dividing a polynomial of degree n of the form a0xn + a1xn − 1 + a2xn − 2 +......
system of equations, In algebra, two or more equations to be solved together (i.e., the solution must satisfy all......
Endre Szemerédi is a Hungarian American mathematician awarded the 2012 Abel Prize “for his fundamental contributions......
Peter Guthrie Tait was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who helped develop quaternions, an advanced algebra......
Takebe Katahiro was a Japanese mathematician of the wasan (“Japanese calculation”) tradition (see mathematics,......
Audrey Tang is a prolific Taiwanese software developer who became both the youngest and the first transgender and......
tangent, in geometry, the tangent line to a curve at a point is that straight line that best approximates (or “clings......
tangent, one of the six trigonometric functions, which, in a right triangle ABC, for an angle A, istan A = length......
Terence Tao is an Australian mathematician awarded a Fields Medal in 2006 “for his contributions to partial differential......
Robert Endre Tarjan is a computer scientist and co-winner of the 1986 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in......
Alfred Tarski was a Polish-born American mathematician and logician who made important studies of general algebra,......
Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia was an Italian mathematician who originated the science of ballistics. During the French......
John Tate was an American mathematician awarded the 2010 Abel Prize “for his vast and lasting impact on the theory......
Taylor series, in mathematics, expression of a function f—for which the derivatives of all orders exist—at a point......
Brook Taylor was a British mathematician, a proponent of Newtonian mechanics and noted for his contributions to......
With the European recovery and translation of Greek mathematical texts during the 12th century—the first Latin......
tensor analysis, branch of mathematics concerned with relations or laws that remain valid regardless of the system......
Johannes Nikolaus Tetens was a German psychologist, mathematician, economist, educator, and empiricist philosopher......
Charles P. Thacker was an American winner of the 2009 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science,......
Thales of Miletus was a philosopher renowned as one of the legendary Seven Wise Men, or Sophoi, of antiquity. He......
Theaetetus was an Athenian mathematician who had a significant influence on the development of Greek geometry.......
theorem, in mathematics and logic, a proposition or statement that is demonstrated. In geometry, a proposition......
René Frédéric Thom was a French mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1958 for his work in topology.......
John Griggs Thompson is an American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970 for his work in group......
Ken Thompson is an American computer scientist who was a cowinner of the 1983 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honor......
William Paul Thurston was an American mathematician who won the 1982 Fields Medal for his work in topology. Thurston......
Thābit ibn Qurrah was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, physician, and philosopher, a representative of the flourishing......