Mexico: References & Edit History
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Assorted References
- education
- flag history
agriculture
- early development
- ejido
- In ejido
- land reform
arts
folk arts
- children’s literature
- encyclopaedia
- comic strips
- Latin American dance
- Mesoamerican Indian culture
- metalwork
- motion pictures
- painting
- pottery
- printmaking
- sculpture
commerce, industry, and mining
- colonial Latin America
- fossil fuel production
- maquiladora factories
- In maquiladora
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- salt production
- trade
communications
- magazines
constitution and law
- labour law
customs and traditions
- Christmas
- Cinco de Mayo
- cuisine
- Las Posadas
- In Las Posadas
- quinceañera
- In quinceañera
- tamales
- tortillas
- In tortilla
- zoo development
- In zoo
economics, finance, and currency
- Group of 20
- In G20
- Latin American Integration Association
government and law
- federalism
- same-sex marriage
labour and management
- peasantry
- peonage
- In peonage
language
- Indian languages
- Spanish
physical geography and geology
- In Mexico: Land
- Chapultepec
- In Chapultepec
- deciduous forests
- Humboldt
- karst landscape
- monsoons
- national parks
- North America
- Pacific Coast Ranges
- plateaus
- Rio Grande
- volcanism
population and demography
religion
- Roman Catholic affiliation
social issues
- drug use and abuse
sports and recreation
Additional Reading
General works
Tim L. Merrill and Ramón Miró (eds.), Mexico: A Country Study, 4th ed. (1997), is a comprehensive overview. Among the many recent guidebooks are John Noble et al., Lonely Planet Mexico (2006); and Carissa Bluestone et al. (eds.), Fodor’s 06 Mexico (2006). Travelers’ impressions of Mexico are recorded in C.M. Mayo (ed.), Mexico: A Traveler’s Literary Companion (2006); James O’Reilly and Larry Habegger (eds.), Travelers’ Tales: Mexico, updated ed. (2001); Alice Adams, Mexico: Some Travels and Some Travelers There (1990); Alan Ryan (ed.), The Reader’s Companion to Mexico (1995); and Tony Cohan, Mexican Days: Journeys into the Heart of Mexico (2006).
Geography
Geographical introductions to Mexico within its regional context are provided in Robert B. Kent, Latin America: Regions and People (2006); Brian W. Blouet and Olwyn M. Blouet, Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic and Regional Survey, 5th ed. (2006); and David L. Clawson, Latin America & the Caribbean: Lands and Peoples, 4th ed. (2006). Updated maps are compiled in Quimera, Guía de careterras: México Road Guide, 4th ed. (2006). Centuries of Mexican exploration and mapmaking are examined in Raymond B. Craib, Cartographic Mexico: A History of State Fixations and Fugitive Landscapes (2004).
People and culture
Urban growth is examined in James B. Pick and Edgar W. Butler, Mexico Megacity (2000). Social conditions, inequality, and underdevelopment are considered in Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution: The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (1977, reissued 1988); Wayne A. Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (1975); and Daniel C. Levy, Kathleen Bruhn, and Emilio Zebadúa, Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development, 2nd ed. (2006).
Rural conditions are the subject of Paul Friedrich, Agrarian Revolt in a Mexican Village (1970, reprinted with an updated bibliography, 1977); George A. Collier, Fields of the Tzotzil: The Ecological Bases of Tradition in Highland Chiapas (1975); Steven E. Sanderson, Agrarian Populism and the Mexican State: The Struggle for Land in Sonora (1981); Billie R. Dewalt, Modernization in a Mexican Ejido: A Study in Economic Adaptation (1979); and P. Lamartine Yates, Mexico’s Agricultural Dilemma (1981).
Daily life and culture are critically examined by one of Mexico’s foremost intellectuals in Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude and Other Writings (1985). Gender roles and family life are contemplated in Matthew C. Gutmann, The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City (1996, reissued with a new preface, 2007). Further perspectives on daily life are provided in Patrick Oster, The Mexicans: A Personal Portrait of a People (1989, reissued with a new afterword, 2002); Jeffrey M. Pilcher (ed.), The Human Tradition in Mexico (2003); and Floyd Merrell, The Mexicans: A Sense of Culture (2003). A basic guide to cultural misunderstandings in business and travel settings is Ned Crouch, Mexicans & Americans: Cracking the Cultural Code (2004).
Economy
James B. Pick and Edgar W. Butler, The Mexico Handbook: Economic and Demographic Maps and Statistics (1994), is an economic overview. The history of the economy is discussed in D.A. Brading, Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763–1810 (1971); and Robert A. Potash, Mexican Government and Industrial Development in the Early Republic: The Banco de Avio (1983). Economic relations in the 1970s and ’80s are analyzed in John K. Thompson, Inflation, Financial Markets, and Economic Development: The Experience of Mexico (1979); and Jorge I. Domínguez (ed.), Mexico’s Political Economy (1982).
The social and economic impact of relations with the United States is studied in George W. Grayson, The United States and Mexico: Patterns of Influence (1984); Lawrence A. Cardoso, Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897–1931: Socioeconomic Patterns (1980); Peggy B. Musgrave (ed.), Mexico and the United States: Studies in Economic Interaction (1985); Douglas C. Bennett and Kenneth E. Sharpe, Transnational Corporations Versus the State: The Political Economy of the Mexican Auto Industry (1985); and Lawrence A. Herzog, Where North Meets South: Cities, Space, and Politics on the U.S.-Mexico Border (1990). Numerous controversies regarding NAFTA are treated in Sidney Weintraub (ed.), NAFTA’s Impact on North America: The First Decade (2004); and Maxwell A. Cameron and Brian W. Tomlin, The Making of NAFTA: How the Deal Was Done (2000). The voices of farm and industrial workers are incorporated into the debate in Leslie Rockenbach, The Mexican-American Border: NAFTA and Global Linkages (2001); and David Bacon, The Children of NAFTA: Labor Wars on the U.S./Mexico Border (2004).
Government
Broad surveys of administrative and political conditions include Kenneth F. Johnson, Mexican Democracy: A Critical View, 3rd ed. (1984); Daniel Levy and Gabriel Székely, Mexico: Paradoxes of Stability and Change, 2nd ed., rev. and updated (1987); and Judith Gentleman (ed.), Mexican Politics in Transition (1987). Political leadership is analyzed in Roderic A. Camp, Mexico’s Leaders, Their Education & Recruitment (1980), and Mexican Political Biographies, 1935–1993, 3rd ed. (1995). A former president attempts to defend his policies and actions in Carlos Salinas de Gortari, México: The Policy and Politics of Modernization (2002; originally published in Spanish 2000).
The development of the Mexican army is studied in David Ronfeldt (ed.), The Modern Mexican Military, a Reassessment (1984). Assessments of Mexican human rights practices and political openness are included in United States Dept. of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (annual); and Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch World Report (annual). Among the critical analyses of U.S.-Mexican and U.S.–Latin American power relations are Ted Galen Carpenter, Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s Futile War on Drugs in Latin America (2003).
Art and literature
Photographic collections include Mariana Yampolsky, The Edge of Time: Photographs of Mexico (1998); Juan Rulfo, Juan Rulfo’s Mexico (2002); and Donna McMenamin, Traditional Mexican Style Exteriors (2003). Folk literature and folk art are discussed in Anthony John Campos (trans. and ed.), Mexican Folk Tales (1977); Carlos Espejel and F. Catalá Roca, Mexican Folk Ceramics, trans. from Spanish (1975), and Mexican Folk Crafts (1978; originally published in Spanish, 1977). Surveys of the visual arts include Justino Fernández, A Guide to Mexican Art: From Its Beginnings to the Present (1969; originally published in Spanish, 2nd ed., 1961); Shifra M. Goldman, Contemporary Mexican Painting in a Time of Change (1981, reissued 1995); Desmond Rochfort, Mexican Muralists: Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros (1993); and Marcus B. Burke, Mexican Art Masterpieces (1998).
Intellectual, literary, and political events are interlaced in Maarten Van Delden, Carlos Fuentes, Mexico, and Modernity (1998); and Raymond Leslie Williams, The Writings of Carlos Fuentes (1996). Walter M. Langford, The Mexican Novel Comes of Age (1971), reviews fiction. Life on the stage and screen are examined in Rodolfo Usigli, Mexico in the Theater (1976; originally published in Spanish, 1932), which covers pre-Columbian times to the 1920s; Carl J. Mora, Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society, 1896–2004, 3rd ed. (2005); and Jeffrey M. Pilcher, Cantinflas and the Chaos of Mexican Modernity (2002).
History
Comprehensive surveys include Michael C. Meyer, William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds, The Course of Mexican History, 7th ed. (2003); Michael S. Werner (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture, 2 vol. (1997); and Colin M. MacLachlan and William H. Beezley, El Gran Pueblo: A History of Greater Mexico, 3rd ed. (2004).
The pre-Columbian history and archaeology of Mexico are surveyed in numerous texts, including Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster (eds.), Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia (2001); Alfredo Lopez Austin and Leonardo López Luján, Mexico’s Indigenous Past (2001; originally published in Spanish, 1996); Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood, and Robert Haskett (eds.), Indian Women of Early Mexico (1997); and Susan Toby Evans, Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History (2004).
The first 35 years of Spanish rule in Mexico is the subject of Peggy K. Liss, Mexico Under Spain, 1521–1556: Society and the Origins of Nationality (1975, reissued 1984). Native American life during the colonial period is the topic of Charles Gibson, The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 (1964); and Nancy M. Farriss, Maya Society Under Colonial Rule: The Collective Enterprise of Survival (1984, reprinted with corrections, 1992). The controversial role of the Roman Catholic Church is assessed in William B. Taylor, Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico (1996). Studies of Mexican independence from Spain include Hugh M. Hamill, Jr., The Hidalgo Revolt: Prelude to Mexican Independence (1966, reprinted 1981); and Timothy E. Anna, The Fall of the Royal Government in Mexico City (1978).
The difficult transition to nationhood is the subject of a valuable series of essays in Jaime E. Rodríguez O. (ed.), The Independence of Mexico and the Creation of the New Nation (1989). Barbara A. Tenenbaum, The Politics of Penury: Debts and Taxes in Mexico, 1821–1856 (1986), is an economic history of the age of Santa Anna; while Walter V. Scholes, Mexican Politics During the Juárez Regime, 1855–1872 (1957, reissued 1969), details the Mexico of Benito Juárez. The role of the Rurales during the Díaz regime is explored in Paul J. Vanderwood, Disorder and Progress: Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development, rev. and enlarged ed. (1992). Foreign capital in northern Mexico is the subject of Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, The People of Sonora and Yankee Capitalists (1988); and Mark Wasserman, Capitalists, Caciques, and Revolution: The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854–1911 (1984).
A useful bibliography for the revolution is W. Dirk Raat, The Mexican Revolution: An Annotated Guide to Recent Scholarship (1982). General studies of the period abound, but two of the most perceptive are John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (1987, reissued 1997); and Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 2 vol. (1986, reissued 1990). Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, The Great Rebellion: Mexico, 1905–1924 (1980), is a strong critique of the revolution. The revolution has also commanded the attention of biographers, including Stanley R. Ross, Francisco I. Madero: Apostle of Mexican Democracy (1955, reissued 1970); Michael C. Meyer, Huerta: A Political Portrait (1972); John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (1969); William H. Beezley, Insurgent Governor: Abraham Gonzalez and the Mexican Revolution in Chihuahua (1973); and Friedrich Katz, The Life and Times of Pancho Villa (1998).
The aftermath of the revolution is treated in Howard F. Cline, Mexico, Revolution to Evolution, 1940–1960 (1962, reprinted 1981); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution: The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (1977, reissued 1988); Alan Riding, Distant Neighbors: A Portrait of the Mexicans (1985, reprinted 2000); and Kevin J. Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution: Labor, the State, and Authoritarianism in Mexico (1995).
The violence of the 1990s and early 21st century is examined in Neil Harvey, The Chiapas Rebellion: The Struggle for Land and Democracy (1998); and Tom Hayden (ed.), The Zapatista Reader (2002), with essays by Eduardo Galeano, Octavio Paz, and others. The Chiapas uprising is discussed by one of its leaders in Subcommandante Marcos, Our Word Is Our Weapon, trans. from Spanish, ed. by Juana Ponce de Léon (2001), and ¡Ya Basta! Ten Years of the Zapatista Uprising, trans. from Spanish, ed. by Ziga Vodovnki (2004).
Ernst C. Griffin Michael C. Meyer The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaArticle Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Henry Bamford Parkes
-
Ernst C. Griffin
Professor Emeritus of Geography, San Diego State University, California.
- Michael C. Meyer
- Marvin David Bernstein
- Howard F. Cline
- Angel Palerm
- Gordon R. Willey
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Other Contributors
- Manuel Castellano
- Mark Gonzales
- Great Museums
- Magnus Pharao Hansen
- ANTHONY TSOUMBRIS
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
- Mic Anderson
- Adam Augustyn
- Yamini Chauhan
- World Data Editors
- Letricia Dixon
- Maren Goldberg
- Virginia Gorlinski
- Rick Livingston
- Gloria Lotha
- J.E. Luebering
- Deepti Mahajan
- Meg Matthias
- Richard Pallardy
- Chelsey Parrott-Sheffer
- Melissa Petruzzello
- Michael Ray
- Emily Rodriguez
- Marco Sampaolo
- Veenu Setia
- Kathleen Sheetz
- Amy Tikkanen
- Jeff Wallenfeldt
- Grace Young
Article History
Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
---|---|---|---|
Updated currency exchange rate. | Dec 13, 2024 | ||
Country Profile: Updated head of state and government. | Oct 01, 2024 | ||
Top Questions updated. | Sep 24, 2024 | ||
“National Renovation Movement” changed to “National Regeneration Movement.” | Apr 19, 2024 | ||
Media added. | Mar 13, 2024 | ||
Links added. | Oct 12, 2023 | ||
Interactive map added. | Aug 15, 2023 | ||
In the History section, added a cross-reference. | Apr 27, 2023 | ||
Link and photo added. | Feb 03, 2023 | ||
Link and photo added. | Jan 25, 2023 | ||
Links added. | Jan 09, 2023 | ||
In the History section, added the results of the June 2021 Chamber of Deputies election and the April 2022 presidential recall election. | Apr 20, 2022 | ||
Removed media. | Nov 12, 2021 | ||
Added a description of López Obrador's presidency. | May 28, 2021 | ||
Invalidated site: Cool Kid Facts - Mexico Facts. | Mar 10, 2021 | ||
In the Economy section, described the signing of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement in 2018, and in the Trade section, noted that the United States is the destination of some four-fifths of Mexico's exports. | May 10, 2019 | ||
In the Ethnic groups section, updated the characterization of Mexico's principal ethnic groups. | May 10, 2019 | ||
Media added. | Jan 09, 2019 | ||
Country Profile: Updated Head of state and government. | Dec 03, 2018 | ||
In the History section, added a description of events related to the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement that was signed in November 2018. | Nov 30, 2018 | ||
In the Cultural life section, added mention of the Academy Awards won by Mexican directors in the 2010s. | Nov 06, 2018 | ||
Removed dated statement. | Nov 06, 2018 | ||
In the History section, removed the reference to Quetzalcóatl. | Oct 18, 2018 | ||
In the History section, added a description of the July 2018 election and events leading up to it. | Aug 17, 2018 | ||
Country Profile: Expanded country profile. | Jun 04, 2018 | ||
Added cross-references. | Mar 27, 2018 | ||
Corrected display issue. | Feb 23, 2018 | ||
In the History section, described the earthquakes of September 7 and September 19, 2017. | Sep 20, 2017 | ||
Added locator map to the Introduction. | May 11, 2017 | ||
In Ethnic groups, Religion, Settlement patterns, and Demographic trends sections, added data charts. | May 11, 2017 | ||
In the Introduction, noted that nearly four-fifths of Mexicans live in urban areas. | May 11, 2017 | ||
In the Trade section, noted that about one-half of Mexico's imports come from the United States and that nearly four-fifths of Mexico's exports go to the United Sates. | May 11, 2017 | ||
In the Trade section, added data charts. | May 11, 2017 | ||
In the People section, updated the characterizations of ethnic groups, religious groups, and urban-rural distribution, and noted that more than one-fourth of the population is under age 15. | May 11, 2017 | ||
Added descriptions of events in 2014, 2015, and 2016, including the escape and recapture of "El Chapo." | Jan 13, 2017 | ||
Add new Web site: Cool Kid Facts - Mexico Facts. | Dec 06, 2016 | ||
Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids! - Mexico Facts for Kids. | Dec 06, 2016 | ||
Media added. | Aug 12, 2016 | ||
Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Mexico. | Jul 05, 2016 | ||
Add new Web site: Official Tourism Site of Mexico. | Jul 05, 2016 | ||
Media added. | Dec 11, 2015 | ||
Replaced photograph. | Aug 07, 2015 | ||
Added a description of events in the last half of 2014 and the results of the 2015 midterm elections. | Jun 09, 2015 | ||
Ethnic breakdown in People section revised with additional input from Manuel Castellano. |
|
Mar 04, 2015 | |
Ethnic breakdown in People section revised with additional input from Mark Gonzales. |
|
Mar 04, 2015 | |
Added video. | Jan 16, 2015 | ||
Added video. | Nov 26, 2014 | ||
Removed acute accent from Pascual Ortiz Rubio's name. | Oct 06, 2014 | ||
Noted recent changes in regulation of the petroleum industry. | May 09, 2014 | ||
Changed Guzman to Guzmán. | Mar 11, 2014 | ||
Noted the agreement to the Pact of Mexico and consequent reforms to public education, fiscal policy, and telecommunications and energy sectors. Also noted capture of drug lord Joaquín Guzmán in February 2014. | Feb 24, 2014 | ||
Changed the ethnicities of Ricardo Flores Magón's parents from "an indigenous mother and a mestizo father" to "a mestiza mother and an indigenous father." | Jan 23, 2014 | ||
Media added. | May 31, 2013 | ||
Media added. | May 06, 2013 | ||
Changed "country of North America" to "country of southern North America." |
|
Feb 13, 2013 | |
Add new Web site: The Canadian Encyclopedia - Mexico. | Feb 11, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Official Tourism Site of Mexico. | Feb 11, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Foreign and Commonwealth Office - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Iloveindia.com - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: globalEDGE - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Foreign and Commonwealth Office - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: National Geographic Kids - Countries - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: U.S. Department of State - Mexico. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
Add new Web site: Maps of World - Mexico Map. | Jan 17, 2013 | ||
In table Presidents of Mexico from 1917, Calderón's term closed and Peña Nieto added. | Dec 03, 2012 | ||
Added inauguration of Peña Nieto on December 1. | Dec 03, 2012 | ||
Country Profile: Added Enrique Peña Nieto | Dec 03, 2012 | ||
Added that recount confirmed Peña Nieto's victory. | Jul 06, 2012 | ||
Added mention of allegations of election irregularities and the ordering of a partial recount in the presidential and legislative elections. | Jul 05, 2012 | ||
Added a characterization of the escalating Drug War, mentioned the H1N1 flu outbreak of 2009, and described results of the 2012 federal election. | Jul 02, 2012 | ||
Country Profile: Added name of head of state and head of government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. | Mar 13, 2012 | ||
Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Mexico. | Aug 11, 2011 | ||
Added image of policeman killed in a shooting in Acapulco with his grieving grandmother. | Apr 05, 2011 | ||
Media added. | Jan 27, 2011 | ||
National anthem added. | Dec 21, 2010 | ||
Changed "Tarastec" to "Tarascan." |
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Sep 02, 2010 | |
Added image of Doa Mara de la Luz Padilla y (Gómez de) Cervantes, a painting attributed to Nicols Enrquez, 1735. | Jul 12, 2010 | ||
Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. | Mar 10, 2010 | ||
Added map of drug cartel locations. | Feb 03, 2010 | ||
Geologic time data updated. | Sep 17, 2009 | ||
Added photograph. | Aug 17, 2009 | ||
Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel - Mexico. | Apr 21, 2009 | ||
Added mention of escalating drug violence in Mexico. | Apr 17, 2009 | ||
Added mention of the energy reforms to allow private investment in Mexican state-owned oil giant Pemex. | Oct 30, 2008 | ||
Added new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Mexico. | Aug 25, 2008 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Jul 22, 2008 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Jul 02, 2008 | ||
Placement of table of presidents changed. | Jul 02, 2008 | ||
Article revised and updated. | May 29, 2008 | ||
Added new Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Mexico. | Sep 18, 2007 | ||
Article thoroughly revised. | Apr 06, 2007 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Apr 06, 2007 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Apr 06, 2007 | ||
Bibliography revised. | Apr 06, 2007 | ||
Article revised and updated. | Dec 21, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: Library of Congress - Mexico - Selected Internet Resources. | Aug 08, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Mexico. | Jul 25, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: Lonely Planet - Mexico. | Jul 12, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: The Aztec. | Jun 06, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: The Aztec. | Jun 06, 2006 | ||
Added new Web site: National Geographic - Discovering Mexico. | May 09, 2006 | ||
Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |