Armillaria

Armillaria, genus of about 35 species of parasitic fungi found throughout northern North America and Europe, principally in forests of hardwoods or mixed conifers. In suitable environments, members of this genus may live for hundreds of years, and certain specimens have been identified as among the largest and oldest living organisms. Several species cause root rot in wild and ornamental trees and shrubs.

Life cycle

From late summer to autumn, Armillaria species produce similar-looking mushrooms, or fruiting bodies, with notched gills extending part way down the stalk and a single or double ring near the base of the cap. The color ranges from white to golden. Most species are found on the ground, but a few, including the honey mushroom (A. mellea), will grow directly on wood.

Armillaria grow from a single fertilized white spore and spread vegetatively through hyphae, threadlike filaments of cells that aggregate to form long, cordlike bundles called rhizomorphs. The rhizomorphs’ underground growth may form an extensive network, or mat, as it spreads through the soil in search of nutrients from decaying wood or living tree roots. The rhizomorphs secrete enzymes that digest these foods, which are absorbed through the hyphal walls. Shielded underground, the hardy rhizomorph can withstand extremes of temperature, including aboveground forest fires.

Largest specimens

Given suitable forest conditions, the fungal mat (mycelium) can reach extraordinary proportions. In 1992 a mat of A. bulbosa was identified in a mixed oak forest near Crystal Falls, in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Genetic testing on sample mushrooms gathered throughout the area determined that all were produced by a single supporting mycelium that extended over more than 15 hectares (37 acres); its estimated total weight was more than 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds), and, based on calculations from known growth rates, it was thought to be at least 1,500 years old. Later that year, a specimen of A. ostoyae was identified on Mount Adams, in southwestern Washington state. Its age was estimated at 400 to 1,000 years, and it far exceeded the Michigan fungus in size, covering some 607 hectares (1,500 acres).