List of Influential Women and Nonbinary People in Computing

Computer science, like many other STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines, is primarily male-dominated. Women have made important contributions to the field with significantly less recognition than their male counterparts, and, as of 2023, approximately a fifth of computer science degrees were earned by women. Nonetheless, many women and nonbinary people have made invaluable contributions to computing. Here is a list of some of them.

Ada Lovelace (1815–52)

The English mathematician Ada Lovelace has been called the “first computer programmer” and worked alongside inventor Charles Babbage. Babbage created a prototype of a digital computer, the Analytical Engine, for which Lovelace developed a program. Her contributions are remembered with an international holiday on the second Tuesday in October, and an early programming language was named Ada in her honor.

Grace Hopper (1906–92)

The programmer who famously popularized the term computer bug (after discovering an actual moth in a computer’s hardware), Grace Hopper was a U.S. Navy officer who helped to devise the first commercial electronic computer and naval applications for the programming language COBOL (common-business-oriented language). A digital pioneer, just as Lovelace was, Hopper wrote the first computer manual, A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (1946), and designed a large-scale calculator while working for the Naval Reserve. The Grace Hopper Celebration, the largest technology conference for women and nonbinary people in computing, is held annually in her honor.

Katherine Johnson (1918–2020)

The American mathematician Katherine Johnson, whose story was immortalized in the 2016 film Hidden Figures, played an integral role in sending the first American astronauts to the Moon. Before her time working at NASA, Johnson helped to desegregate the all-white West Virginia University. When beginning her professional career at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), she faced discrimination as a result of Jim Crow laws, with separate bathrooms and cafeterias designated for Black “computers” (those who manually performed calculations). After NACA was combined with NASA, Johnson was officially deemed an engineer and received credit as the first woman in her position to coauthor a research paper.

Margaret Hamilton (1936–)

Creator of the term software engineer, American computer programmer Margaret Hamilton, like Katherine Johnson, played a key role in advancing space travel. Her code was used in the command and lunar modules of the Apollo missions to the Moon. She also invented code used to identify enemy aircraft in the first U.S. air defense system. In the 1960s software engineering was not formally taught; Hamilton began to use the term software engineer to demonstrate that her work at NASA was as important as any other engineer’s contributions. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016.

Marsha Rhea Williams (1948–)

Marsha Rhea Williams, in 1982, was the first Black woman to receive a Ph.D. in computer science. Her academic history is diverse; Williams also has an M.S. in physics and systems and information science. Her research mainly revolved around databases and other data management systems. While working as a professor at Tennessee State University, Williams directed Project MISET (Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology). For the project, Williams used her knowledge of databases to improve minorities’ participation in STEM.

Adele Goldberg (1945–)

Adele Goldberg is an American computer scientist who made important contributions to object-oriented programming languages. She helped to create Smalltalk in the 1970s, a language that differed from the procedural languages popular at the time. In 1973 Goldberg joined the company Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), where she helped to develop new theories about education. She also helped to create the basis for graphical user interface (GUI) concepts.

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Annie Easley (1933–2011)

Like Katherine Johnson, Annie Easley began her career at NACA after learning that the facility was looking for those with strong skills in mathematics. After working as a manual computer, Easley began coding in languages such as FORTRAN (Formula Translating System) and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). She earned a degree in mathematics in the 1970s; while earning the degree, she encouraged students to explore their interests in STEM. She also worked to address the gender and racial disparities in tech-related fields, drawing from her experiences as a Black woman in the space.

Audrey Tang (1981–)

Audrey Tang was the youngest and first transgender and nonbinary member of the Taiwanese government cabinet. The prodigy, who was just 14 when they dropped out of school, started a business a year later. They worked in multiple high-level technology positions, including as an advisor for Apple, where they helped to develop the company’s virtual assistant Siri. They were named digital minister of Taiwan in 2016 and have embraced a policy of government transparency. Tang’s work was crucial to the country’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as they helped to create a map of locations where citizens could find face masks.

Lynn Conway (1938–2024)

An alum of Xerox PARC, Lynn Conway helped to revolutionize microchip design in the 1970s. She was also one of the first Americans to undergo a medical gender transition, helping to usher in more queer and transgender computer scientists in the following years. When she transitioned, she was fired from her position at IBM and had to fight to make her contributions visible in the following years. With Carver Mead, she led what came to be known as the Mead-Conway revolution in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), which makes it possible to add more transistors to an integrated circuit.

Fei-Fei Li (1976–)

A Chinese American Stanford University professor and artificial intelligence (AI) innovator, Fei-Fei Li helped to improve knowledge of computer vision systems, which can give computers the ability to “recognize” common objects and faces. She has also spoken about making AI more human-centered and advocates for greater inclusion in the field. She has been vocal about the risks of AI, regarding how it may hurt certain aspects of democracy or spread misinformation. In 2019 Li cofounded the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, which seeks to use AI research to improve society.