National Museum of African American History and Culture

National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), museum of the Smithsonian Institution located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., that presents the history, art, and culture of African American people from slavery to the present day. It was established by an act of Congress in 2003 and opened to the public in September 2016. It is one of 19 museums of the Smithsonian Institution.

Though the museum was established in 2003, championed in Congress by John Lewis and Sam Brownback, the institution was without a permanent space of its own for 13 years. In that time, founding director Lonnie Bunch III was hired (2005), and he curated exhibitions of African American history and culture that were mounted in galleries in the National Museum of American History. He also spearheaded an initiative to form a collection of artifacts. In 2008 he launched Saving African American Treasures, which sent conservators around the United States to assess and advise on the preservation of artifacts, which were typically items that were stashed away in people’s attics. That program inspired an outpouring of donations. In the 13 years between the passage of the act of Congress and the opening of the museum, the NMAAHC amassed a collection of some 36,000 items, about 3,000 of which will be on display in the museum at any one time. Some collection highlights include the robe and headgear worn by boxer Muhammad Ali (c. 1960s); costumes worn by the original cast of Broadway musical The Wiz (1975); the metal coffin of Emmett Till; a shawl given to Harriet Tubman by Queen Victoria; guard tower and prison cell (c. 1930–40s) from Louisiana State Penitentiary (“Angola”), the largest maximum security prison in the U.S., with a history of severe brutality against its inmates, some 80 percent of whom are African American; a reconstructed original slave cabin from a South Carolina plantation (early 1800s); Nat Turner’s Bible (1830s); James Baldwin’s passport; a segregation-era, 44-passenger railroad car; a tennis racket used by Althea Gibson; and a training plane used by the Tuskegee Airmen (c. 1944).

The museum’s striking building was designed by a Tanzanian-born British-based architect of Ghanaian descent, David Adjaye, with architects Philip Freelon and Zena Howard. Located just northeast of the Washington Monument on the Mall, the museum’s dark metallic facade stands in stark contrast to the white marble and stone buildings and monuments that surround it. It also communicates with its surroundings, echoing the 17-degree angle found on the Washington Monument’s capstone in the museum’s tiered exterior panels. The building is a glass cube encased in ornamental bronze-toned metallic (aluminum) lattice panels, a reference to the ironwork created by enslaved African Americans living in the South. The density of the latticework can be modulated to regulate the amount of natural light in the galleries. The building’s exterior has a “corona” shape that echoes the crowns worn by queens in ancient Yoruban sculpture. The side of the building that faces the Mall opens up to a large porch and water feature. The building offers views of not only the Washington Monument and the Mall but also the Lincoln Memorial, the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial, the Capitol, the National Archives Building, the White House, and the Thomas Jefferson Memorial. To deal with height restrictions imposed on new buildings erected on the Mall (so that sight lines to the nation’s monuments are not obstructed), Adjaye designed the 420,000-square-foot (39,019-square-meter) museum with more than half of the building underground. The history galleries are underground, where the exhibitions begin with slavery and end, just before the visitors reach ground level, with the Black Lives Matter movement. The upper galleries are considered the culture galleries and feature fine art and the stories and artifacts related to African American entertainers, artists, musicians, writers, and athletes. The building also houses an auditorium and spaces designed for contemplation and reflection.

In 2020 poet Kevin Young was named the Andrew W. Mellon director of museum, succeeding Bunch.