Colossians presents the problem of having, on the one hand, numerous (though superficial) affinities with the circumstances of the Letter of Paul to Philemon while, on the other hand, being addressed mainly to a different situation. In this new situation he uses ideas and expressions that seem to be rather a development of Pauline ideas about the cosmic realm than genuinely Pauline argumentation. In this latter aspect, Colossians and Ephesians share the heritage of Paul, but a later “Paulinist” changed details to meet different situations.

Colossians was written ostensibly by Paul from prison (in Ephesus) to a predominantly Gentile Christian congregation founded by his co-worker, Epaphras, at Colossae. The Colossian congregation was endangered by a heresy involving a “philosophy” that was connected with the elemental spirits of the universe to which men seemed to be bound, with circumcision, feast days and food laws, visions, and an asceticism that was not only false in its piety but foreign to the Christian faith.

To combat these proto-Gnostic, syncretistic, and Judaizing tendencies, the Paulinist appealed to the authority of Paul’s apostolate and his thought but accented his theology in a new way, enlarging Paul’s theological dimensions, so that they included the whole universe, the fate of the entire cosmos. This whole world is depicted as subject to Christ and has its meaning, aim, and goal in the church, which is Christ’s body and over which he is the head. This transformation of Paul’s theology would appear to be somewhat later than Paul, yet not so much later than Philemon, and its import has been forgotten. Colossians cannot be dated or placed with certainty, but the end of the 1st century or the beginning of the 2nd century has been suggested.

In a first edition, before the Paulinist changed or added to it, Colossians seems close to the situation of Philemon. In both letters Paul is in prison. Onesimus appears in Colossians, chapter 4, and the readers of Colossians are asked to transmit a special injunction through the church of the Laodiceans to Archippus—possibly that the former slave, Onesimus, now referred to as a “beloved brother,” be freed for service of the gospel. The same five names appear in Philemon and Colossians (Col. 4:10 ff.; cf. Philem. 23), which is unusual because the church at Colossae is strange to Paul. The lost letter to the Laodiceans may possibly be the Letter to Philemon, and the request to the slave owner would, by being read aloud in a neighbouring large church (Colossae), reinforce Paul’s request that the slave be freed.

Later substantial redaction has obviously taken place, however, and it is the heresy at Colossae rather than the situation of Philemon that is mainly addressed in Colossians. Though Paul asserted that he did not preach and exhort where another has founded a church, here the Paulinist, using and amplifying Pauline theology, taught, gave thanks, and interceded for a church that he did not found and that was in danger of accepting heretical Judaizing teachings, thus falling away from Christ. The doctrinal section of Colossians sets forth in a hymn Christ’s preeminence over the whole cosmos, all principalities and powers, to bring redemption through the cross and to be the head of the body, the church.

From this cosmological beginning, the style and imagery differ from the authentic Pauline letters. Colossians is wider and broader in scope, with long, almost breathless sentences. There is a hierarchy in Christ being head of the body, his church, which differs from the Pauline expression of equality of all the members, although with differing functions (cf. I Corinthians, chapter 12, and Romans, chapter 12).

The Christology is applied to the situation of the church and Paul’s role in behalf of the church—his suffering with Christ and knowledge of God’s mystery, Christ—is used to bolster his defense against heresy. This polemic is based first on tradition and then proceeds to specific warnings against false teaching, cult, or practice. An admonition “to set your minds on the things that are above,” because in Baptism the Christian has died and been raised with Christ, is followed by the conclusion that the Christian’s conduct should be ruled by love and be thus free from all wrongdoing.

Another difference from the genuine Pauline letters can be noted in this latter section. When Paul referred to the resurrection of Christians he used the future tense in most cases, but Colossians, chapter 2, verse 12, and chapter 3, verse 1, presuppose that because the Christian is risen with Christ, ethical demands can be made.

In Colossae, such Christian ethics apparently were lacking, thus the inclusion of a table of duties—i.e., a list of household duties and of relations between members of a household. General exhortations to prayer and right conduct are followed by the conclusion of the letter with its list of greetings. There are some similarities in Colossians to Paul’s polemic against Judaizers in Galatians, but Colossians seems to reflect a later time and a more developed “cosmic” theology of a later deutero-Pauline writer.