localization

localization, in politics, the emphasis or increased salience of locality.

The term localization appears frequently in policy analysis within two contexts. The first can be called the organizational context, where localization denotes efforts to tailor services to local settings as much as possible in order to become more responsive to customers. Localization is often used in tandem with decentralization as a governance strategy that attempts to achieve this greater responsiveness, but localization may have a meaning that differs from decentralization. Decentralization may or may not result in localization, depending on where the “centre”—which may be defined in terms of geography or power—is located at the beginning of the reform process. Localization can also be used to attempt to achieve greater participation in political decision making by communities or even individuals through their greater participation in public services, so it is often associated with notions such as citizenship and choice.

The second context of localization occurs on a larger scale. If the opposite of decentralization is centralization, the opposite of localization is globalization. Localization is often held in a dialectic relationship with globalization—as the latter occurs across time and space, often as a force for homogenization, the former appears as a form of resistance to it. Here localization is perhaps even more politicized than in the case of centre-local relations, often being used by antiglobalization writers to denote a resistance to the branding of consumer goods and public services. In the context of governance, it might therefore be expected that attempts at pursuing uniform “global” programs will encounter resistance at a local level where “difference” is demanded instead. This sense clearly has strong links with the first context in which localization is used, but here it is used in a different manner, being a source of activism. Localization therefore holds more dynamic meanings than is often the case in the rather top-down assumptions held in the organizational notion of localism.