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Walls were built of ordinary masonry or of concrete (faced or unfaced). There are several examples of early stone walling without courses (continuous layers), especially in towns such as Norba and Praeneste. Most of the stone walls existing, however, were built of fairly large squared blocks laid in regular courses as headers (stones or bricks laid with ends toward the face of the wall) and stretchers (stones or bricks laid with lengths parallel to the face of the wall). This type of masonry was called opus quadratum. Concrete walls, except below ground, were always faced. They were divided into types ...(100 of 75935 words)