Anatomy & Physiology, BLE-CON
Human beings have long been curious about the way that things work, and that curiosity includes wondering about how we ourselves work. The fields of anatomy and physiology involve studying the structures of bodies and the way that those structures and bodies function.
Anatomy & Physiology Encyclopedia Articles By Title
blepharitis, common inflammation of the eyelids that is marked by red, scaly, crusting eyelids and a burning, itching,......
blind spot, small portion of the visual field of each eye that corresponds to the position of the optic disk (also......
history of the blind, the experience of persons affected by blindness and the development of blind education and......
blindness, transient or permanent inability to see any light at all (total blindness) or to retain any useful vision......
blood, fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste......
blood cell formation, continuous process by which the cellular constituents of blood are replenished as needed.......
blood group, classification of blood based on inherited differences (polymorphisms) in antigens on the surfaces......
blood pressure, force originating in the pumping action of the heart, exerted by the blood against the walls of......
blood typing, classification of blood in terms of distinctive inherited characteristics that are associated with......
blood vessel, a vessel in the human or animal body in which blood circulates. The vessels that carry blood away......
body mass index (BMI), an estimate of total body fat. The BMI is defined as weight in kilograms divided by the......
bog body, any of several hundred variously preserved human remains found in natural peat bogs, mostly in northern......
bolus, food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva. Chewing helps to reduce food particles to......
bone, rigid body tissue consisting of cells embedded in an abundant hard intercellular material. The two principal......
bone conduction, the conduction of sound through the bones of the skull. Two types of bone conduction are recognized.......
bone formation, process by which new bone is produced. Ossification begins about the third month of fetal life......
bone marrow, soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the cavities of the bones. Bone marrow is either red or yellow,......
bone mineral density, estimate of bone mass. Bone is a rich mineral reservoir, composed mainly of calcium and phosphorous,......
bone remodeling, continuing process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains......
book lung, form of respiratory organ found in certain air-breathing arachnid arthropods (scorpions and some spiders).......
Bowman’s capsule, double-walled cuplike structure that makes up part of the nephron, the filtration structure in......
brain, the mass of nerve tissue in the anterior end of an organism. The brain integrates sensory information and......
brain death, State of irreversible destruction of the brain. Before the invention of life-support systems, brain......
brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and......
branchial arch, one of the bony or cartilaginous curved bars on either side of the pharynx (throat) that support......
breast cancer, disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands. Breast cancer can......
breathing, the action of moving air or water across the surface of a respiratory structure, such as a gill or lung,......
breech birth, in childbirth, position of the fetus in which the buttocks or feet are presented first. About 3 to......
Broca area, region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function. This area, located in the frontal......
bronchus, any of the large airway passages of the lower respiratory tract that diverge from the trachea (windpipe)......
brown adipose tissue, specialized type of connective tissue found in most mammals that generates heat. Newborns......
browridge, bony ridge over the eye sockets (orbits). Browridges are massive in gorillas and chimpanzees and are......
bulbocavernosus muscle, a muscle of the perineum, the area between the anus and the genitals. In the male, it surrounds......
bulbourethral gland, either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning......
bursa, within the mammalian body, any small pouch or sac between tendons, muscles, or skin and bony prominences......
cancellous bone, light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance.......
canine tooth, in mammals, any of the single-cusped (pointed), usually single-rooted teeth adapted for tearing food,......
capillary, in human physiology, any of the minute blood vessels that form networks throughout the bodily tissues;......
capsaicin, the most abundant of the pungent principles of hot peppers (Capsicum). It is an organic nitrogen compound......
carbohydrate, class of naturally occurring compounds and derivatives formed from them. Carbohydrates are probably......
- Introduction
- Energy, Structure, Nutrition
- Energy, Digestion, Nutrition
- Structure, Function, Sources
- Chemical Reactions
- Methyl Ethers, Formation, Structure
- Sucrose, Trehalose, Glucose
- Polysaccharides, Monosaccharides, Glycans
- Polysaccharides, Glycosidic Bonds, Glycans
- Spectroscopy, Sugars, Polysaccharides
cardiac muscle, in vertebrates, one of three major muscle types, found only in the heart. Cardiac muscle is similar......
cardiac output, in human physiology, volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart. It is customarily......
cardiovascular disease, any of the diseases, whether congenital or acquired, of the heart and blood vessels. Among......
- Introduction
- Abnormalities, Heart Chambers, Risk Factors
- Valves, Abnormalities, Treatment
- Acquired, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Risk Factors, Prevention, Treatment
- Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Coronary Bypass, Surgery, Risk
- Heart, Pulmonary Artery, Aorta
- Syphilis, Heart, Aorta
- Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension, Arrhythmia
- Rhythm, Conduction, Prevention
- Supraventricular Arrhythmia, Risk Factors, Treatment
- Ventricular Arrhythmia, Risk Factors, Treatment
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Heart Failure, Treatment
- Prevention, Medication, Surgery
- Repair, Acquired Defects
- Coronary Artery, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Arterial Damage, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Atherosclerosis, Plaque, Arteries
- Nonocclusive, Risk Factors, Prevention
- Risk Factors, Prevention, Treatment
- Vein Disorders, Atherosclerosis, Hypertension
- Hemodynamics, Disorders, Risk Factors
- Shock, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anaphylaxis, Shock, Symptoms
- Refractory, Irreversible, Shock
carotene, any of several organic compounds widely distributed as pigments in plants and animals and converted in......
carotenoid, any of a group of nonnitrogenous yellow, orange, or red pigments that are almost universally distributed......
carotid artery, one of several arteries that supply blood to the head and neck. Of the two common carotid arteries,......
carpal bone, any of several small angular bones that in humans make up the wrist (carpus), and in horses, cows,......
cartilage, connective tissue forming the skeleton of mammalian embryos before bone formation begins and persisting......
casein, the chief protein in milk and the essential ingredient of cheese. In pure form, it is an amorphous white......
catabolism, the sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which relatively large molecules in living cells are......
cataract, opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye. Cataracts occur in 50 percent of people between the ages......
caul, a portion of the amnion, or bag of waters, which is sometimes found remaining around the head of a child......
cecum, pouch or large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from......
cell membrane, thin membrane that surrounds every living cell, delimiting the cell from the environment around......
cell wall, specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant. The cell wall is responsible......
cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. Cellulose is the......
cementum, in anatomy, thin layer of bonelike material covering the roots and sometimes other parts of the teeth......
central nervous system, system of nerve tissue in vertebrates that consists of the brain and spinal cord. The central......
cephalic index, the percentage of breadth to length in any skull. The index is calculated from measurement of the......
cerebellum, section of the brain that coordinates sensory input with muscular responses, located just below and......
cerebral cortex, outermost layer of tissue in the brain. The cerebral cortex, also referred to as gray matter,......
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), clear, colourless liquid that fills and surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and......
cerebrum, the largest and uppermost portion of the brain. The cerebrum consists of the cerebral hemispheres and......
cervix, lowest region of the uterus; it attaches the uterus to the vagina and provides a passage between the vaginal......
chemokine, any of a group of small hormonelike molecules that are secreted by cells and that stimulate the movement......
chemoreception, process by which organisms respond to chemical stimuli in their environments that depends primarily......
- Introduction
- Taste, Smell, Receptors
- Olfaction, Odorants, Receptors
- Taste, Smell, Interaction
- Bacteria, Insects, Fish
- Specialized chemosensory structures
- Pheromones, Olfaction, Taste
- Sex Attractant, Pheromones
- Aphrodisiac, Pheromones
- Foraging, Taste, Smell
- Chemical Defense, Signaling, Receptors
- Taste, Smell, Signaling
- Human, Animals, Smell
chewing, up-and-down and side-to-side movements of the lower jaw that assist in reducing particles of solid food,......
child development, the growth of perceptual, emotional, intellectual, and behavioral capabilities and functioning......
childhood, period of the human lifespan between infancy and adolescence, extending from ages 1–2 to 12–13. See......
childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), a rare neurobiological disorder characterized by the deterioration of......
chitin, white, horny substance found in the outer skeleton of insects, crabs, and lobsters and in the internal......
chorion, in reptiles, birds, and mammals, the outermost membrane around the embryo. It develops from an outer fold......
chyle, lymph laden with fat that has been absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine. The fat globules,......
chyme, a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach......
ciliaris muscle, muscle of the ciliary body of the eye, between the sclera (white of the eye) and the fine ligaments......
circulation, in anatomy and physiology, the continuous movement of blood throughout the body, driven by the pumping......
circulatory system, system that transports nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic products throughout a living......
clavicle, curved anterior bone of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle in vertebrates; it functions as a strut to support......
claw, narrow, arched structure that curves downward from the end of a digit in birds, reptiles, many mammals, and......
cleavage, in embryology, the first few cellular divisions of a zygote (fertilized egg). Initially, the zygote splits......
clitoris, female erogenous organ capable of erection under sexual stimulation. A female homologue of the male penis,......
cloaca, (Latin: “sewer”), in vertebrates, common chamber and outlet into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital......
coagulation, in physiology, the process by which a blood clot is formed. The formation of a clot is often referred......
coccygeus muscle, muscle of the lower back that arises from the ischium (lower, rear portion of the hipbone) and......
coccyx, curved, semiflexible lower end of the backbone (vertebral column) in apes and humans, representing a vestigial......
cochlear implant, electrical device inserted surgically into the human ear that enables the detection of sound......
colic, pain produced by the contraction of the muscular walls of any hollow organ, such as the renal pelvis, the......
collagen, any of a group of proteins that are components of whitish fibers of great tensile strength, such as those......
coloboma, failure of one or more structures in the eye to fuse during embryonic life, creating a congenital fissure......
colon, the longest segment of the large intestine. The term colon is often used to refer to the entire large intestine.......
colour blindness, inability to distinguish one or more of the three colours red, green, and blue. Most people with......
colour vision, ability to distinguish among various wavelengths of light waves and to perceive the differences......
compact bone, dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic......
comparative anatomy, the comparative study of the body structures of different species of animals in order to understand......
complement, in immunology, a complex system comprising a large number of proteins that act in concert to help eliminate......
cone, light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) with a conical projection in the retina of the vertebrate eye, associated......
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, any of a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by enlargement of......
conjoined twin, one of a pair of twins who are physically joined and often share some organs. Fusion is typically......
conjugation, in biology, sexual process in which two lower organisms of the same species, such as bacteria, protozoans,......
conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva, the delicate mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the......