Matter & Energy, POL-RAY
Matter is the material substance that constitutes the observable universe and, together with energy, forms the basis of all objective phenomena. Energy, in physics, is the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms.
Matter & Energy Encyclopedia Articles By Title
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a synthetic resin produced from the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. A transparent......
polymorphism, in crystallography, the condition in which a solid chemical compound exists in more than one crystalline......
polyolefin, any of a class of synthetic resins prepared by the polymerization of olefins. Olefins are hydrocarbons......
polypropylene, a synthetic resin built up by the polymerization of propylene. One of the important family of polyolefin......
polysaccharide, the form in which most natural carbohydrates occur. Polysaccharides may have a molecular structure......
polystyrene, a hard, stiff, brilliantly transparent synthetic resin produced by the polymerization of styrene.......
polysulfide, any member of a class of chemical compounds containing one or more groups of atoms of the element......
polysulfone, any of a class of resinous organic chemical compounds belonging to the family of polymers in which......
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a strong, tough, waxy, nonflammable synthetic resin produced by the polymerization......
polyurethane, any of a class of synthetic resinous, fibrous, or elastomeric compounds belonging to the family of......
polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), a synthetic resin prepared by the polymerization of vinyl acetate. In its most important......
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a colourless, water-soluble synthetic resin employed principally in the treating of textiles......
polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), a synthetic resin produced by polymerizing vinyl fluoride (CH2=CHF) under pressure in......
polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), a synthetic resin produced by the polymerization of vinylidene chloride. It is......
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a synthetic resin produced by the polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (CH2=CF2).......
position vector, straight line having one end fixed to a body and the other end attached to a moving point and......
positron, positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and......
positronium, short-lived hydrogen-like atom composed of an electron and a positron (rather than an electron and......
potash, various potassium compounds, chiefly crude potassium carbonate. The names caustic potash, potassa, and......
potassium (K), chemical element of Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, indispensable for......
potassium chloride (KCl), ionic compound whose molecules consist of one potassium atom and one chlorine atom. It......
potassium nitrate (KNO3), an ionic white crystalline salt made up of potassium ions and nitrate ions. Uses of potassium......
potential energy, stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a system. A spring......
Poynting vector, a quantity describing the magnitude and direction of the flow of energy in electromagnetic waves.......
praseodymium (Pr), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Praseodymium......
precession, phenomenon associated with the action of a gyroscope or a spinning top and consisting of a comparatively......
pressure, in the physical sciences, the perpendicular force per unit area, or the stress at a point within a confined......
primary colour, any of a set of colours that can be used to mix a wide range of hues. There are three commonly......
prion, an abnormal form of a normally harmless protein found in the brain that is responsible for a variety of......
progesterone, hormone secreted by the female reproductive system that functions mainly to regulate the condition......
prolactin, a protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland of mammals that acts with other hormones to initiate......
prolamin, any of certain seed proteins known as globulins that are insoluble in water but soluble in water-ethanol......
proline, an amino acid obtained by hydrolysis of proteins. Its molecule contains a secondary amino group (>NH)......
promethium (Pm), chemical element, the only rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table not......
promoter, in chemistry, substance added to a solid catalyst to improve its performance in a chemical reaction.......
prompt neutron, in nuclear fission reactions, neutron emitted instantaneously by a nucleus undergoing fission—in......
propane, a colourless, easily liquefied, gaseous hydrocarbon (compound of carbon and hydrogen), the third member......
propellant, any gas, liquid, or solid the expansion of which can be used to impart motion to another substance......
propyl alcohol, one of two isomeric alcohols used as solvents and intermediates in chemical manufacturing. The......
propylene, a colourless, flammable, gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H6, obtained from petroleum; large quantities of propylene......
propylene glycol, synthetic organic compound with the chemical formula C3H8O2. Propylene glycol is a colourless......
prostaglandin, any of a group of naturally occurring lipid compounds that act as chemical messengers, having diverse......
protactinium (Pa), radioactive chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, rarer than radium;......
protamine, simple alkaline protein usually occurring in combination with a nucleic acid as a nucleoprotein. In......
protein, highly complex substance that is present in all living organisms. Proteins are of great nutritional value......
- Introduction
- Amino Acids, Structure, Function
- Amino Acids, Physicochem.
- Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, Coil
- Isolation, Determination, Structure
- Structure, Folding, Conformation
- Hydration, Structure, Function
- Electrophoresis, Separation, Structure
- Spectroscopy, Structure, Function
- Denaturation, Structure, Function
- Interfaces, Conformation, Structure
- Structure, Function, Amino Acids
- Keratin, Structure, Function
- Muscle, Structure, Function
- Blood Serum, Structure, Function
- Plant Sources, Structure, Function
- Nucleic Acids, Structure, Function
- Hormones, Structure, Function
- Immunoglobulins, Antibodies, Immunity
- Enzymes, Structure, Function
- Enzymes, Metabolism, Catalysis
- Structure, Function, Metabolism
- Cofactors, Enzymes, Amino Acids
- Active Site, Structure, Function
- Enzymes, Specificity, Structure
- Enzymes, Action, Mechanism
- Enzymes, Inhibition, Regulation
proteolysis, Process in which a protein is broken down partially, into peptides, or completely, into amino acids,......
proteolytic enzyme, any of a group of enzymes that break the long chainlike molecules of proteins into shorter......
prothrombin, glycoprotein (carbohydrate-protein compound) occurring in blood plasma and an essential component......
protium, isotope of hydrogen (q.v.) with atomic weight of approximately 1; its nucleus consists of only one proton.......
proton, one of the three basic subatomic particles—along with neutrons and electrons—that make up atoms, the basic......
proton-proton chain, chain of thermonuclear reactions that is the chief source of the energy radiated by the Sun......
psilocin, hallucinogenic principle contained in any of various psilocybin mushrooms, notably the two Mexican species......
psilocybin, hallucinogenic principle that occurs in any of various psilocybin mushrooms, including the two Mexican......
purine, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a two-ringed structure......
purple, a shade varying between crimson and violet. Formerly, it was the deep crimson colour called in Latin purpura,......
PVC, a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Second only to polyethylene among the plastics......
pyran, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series in which five carbon atoms and one oxygen......
pyrazine, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure containing......
pyrazole, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed......
pyridine, any of a class of organic compounds of the aromatic heterocyclic series characterized by a six-membered......
pyrimidine, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed......
pyrogallol, an organic compound belonging to the phenol family, used as a photographic film developer and in the......
pyrrole, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed......
pyruvic acid, (CH3COCOOH), is an organic acid that probably occurs in all living cells. It ionizes to give a hydrogen......
qualitative chemical analysis, branch of chemistry that deals with the identification of elements or grouping of......
quantitative chemical analysis, branch of chemistry that deals with the determination of the amount or percentage......
quantum, in physics, discrete natural unit, or packet, of energy, charge, angular momentum, or other physical property.......
quantum chromodynamics (QCD), in physics, the theory that describes the action of the strong force. QCD was constructed......
quantum field theory, body of physical principles combining the elements of quantum mechanics with those of relativity......
quantum number, any of several quantities of integral or half-integral value that identify the state of a physical......
quark, any member of a group of elementary subatomic particles that interact by means of the strong force and are......
quasicrystal, matter formed atomically in a manner somewhere between the amorphous solids of glasses (special forms......
quasiparticle, in physics, a disturbance, in a medium, that behaves as a particle and that may conveniently be......
quicklime (CaO), compound of one atom of calcium and one atom of oxygen that is a white or grayish white solid......
quinidine, drug used in the treatment of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia) and malaria. Obtained from the bark......
quinine, drug obtained from cinchona bark that is used chiefly in the treatment of malaria, an infection caused......
quinoline, any of a class of organic compounds of the aromatic heterocyclic series characterized by a double-ring......
quinone, any member of a class of cyclic organic compounds containing two carbonyl groups, > C = O, either adjacent......
racemic mixture, a mixture of equal quantities of two enantiomers, or substances that have dissymmetric molecular......
radar, electromagnetic sensor used for detecting, locating, tracking, and recognizing objects of various kinds......
radiant energy, energy that is transferred by electromagnetic radiation, such as light, X-rays, gamma rays, and......
radiation, flow of atomic and subatomic particles and of waves, such as those that characterize heat rays, light......
- Introduction
- Matter, Rays, Particles
- Particles, Waves, Energy
- Interaction, Matter, Processes
- Double Refraction
- Electromagnetic, Atomic, Structure
- Photoelectric, Photons, Electrons
- Cross-Section, Compton, Scattering
- Pair Production, Photons, Electrons
- LET, Track Structure, Interactions
- Stopping Power, Absorption, Shielding
- Types, Sources, Effects
- Electrons, Photons, Wavelengths
- Neutrons, Particles, Energy
- Molecular Activation
- Energy Transfer, Waves, Particles
- Absorption, Ionization, Chemistry
- Symbolism, Chemistry, Elements
- Heating, Absorption, Effects
- Crystal Lattice, Photons, Electrons
- Skin Damage, Absorption, Protection
- Waves, Particles, History
- Artificial Sources
- Accumulation, Critical Organs
- Cellular, DNA, Tissue
- Mutations, DNA, Cells
- Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer
- Health Effects, Exposure, Protection
- Cancer, Incidence, Effects
- Safety, Protection, Monitoring
- Skin Damage, UV Rays, Sunburn
- Photodynamic, Light, Action
- Imaging, Therapy, Detection
- Cancer Treatment, Ionizing Radiation, Disease
radiation damage, change in the ordered structure of crystalline material caused by interaction with radiation......
radiation pressure, the pressure on a surface resulting from electromagnetic radiation that impinges on it, which......
radiative forcing, a measure, as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), of the influence......
radical, in chemistry, molecule that contains at least one unpaired electron. Most molecules contain even numbers......
radio wave, wave from the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum at lower frequencies than microwaves. The wavelengths......
radioactive isotope, any of several species of the same chemical element with different masses whose nuclei are......
radioactive series, any of four independent sets of unstable heavy atomic nuclei that decay through a sequence......
radioactivity, property exhibited by certain types of matter of emitting energy and subatomic particles spontaneously.......
radium (Ra), radioactive chemical element, the heaviest of the alkaline-earth metals of Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic......
radon (Rn), chemical element, a heavy radioactive gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table, generated......
rainbow, series of concentric coloured arcs that may be seen when light from a distant source—most commonly the......
Raman effect, change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. When a......
range, in radioactivity, the distance that a particle travels from its source through matter. The range depends......
Rankine temperature scale, scale established in 1859 by Scottish engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine......
rare-earth element, any member of the group of chemical elements consisting of three elements in Group 3 (scandium......
rarefaction, in the physics of sound, segment of one cycle of a longitudinal wave during its travel or motion,......
Rayleigh scattering, dispersion of electromagnetic radiation by particles that have a radius less than approximately......
rayon, artificial textile material composed of regenerated and purified cellulose derived from plant sources. Developed......